| Making Health Care Reform Work for Americans
with Disabilities Summary Information on Five
"Town Meetings" on Health Care Reform: A Report to the President
and the Congress of the United States
July 26, 1994
National Council on Disability
1331 F Street, NW, Suite 1050
Washington, DC 20004-1107
(202) 272-2004 (Voice)
(202) 272-2074 (TTD)
(202) 272-2022 (Fax)
The views contained in this report do not necessarily
represent those of the Administration, as this document has not
been subject to the A-19 Executive Branch review process.
LETTER
OF TRANSMITTAL
July 26, 1994
The President
The White House
Washington, D.C. 20500
Dear Mr. President:
Today, as we celebrate the 4th anniversary of the
signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), I am pleased
to submit to you the Council's report entitled Making Health
Care Reform Work for Americans with Disabilities. Summary Information
on Five "Town Meetings" on Health Care Reform: A Report to the President
and the Congress of the United States
As the original author of the ADA, the National Council
on Disability is deeply concerned that ADA's promise of full equality
to 49 million Americans with disabilities cannot be kept if we lose
the battle for health care reform.
During March and April of this year, the National
Council on Disability held five "town meetings" across the United
States in order to provide persons with disabilities with an opportunity
to express their views on the various proposals for health care
reform which are currently being considered by the Congress. This
document represents the opinions of over 130 witnesses and the hundreds
of people who attended these town meetings. We were able to identify
the health care priorities of Americans with disabilities. They
can be summarized as follows:
- Universal coverage
-- lifetime coverage that can't be taken away, portability and
coverage which does not exclude people because of pre-existing
conditions.
- Comprehensive defined benefits package
-- access to specialists; home and community-based long-term care
and personal assistant services; durable medical equipment; prescription
drugs; and rehabilitation and mental health services.
- Affordability --
persons with disabilities should not pay a disproportionate share.
- Non-discriminatory
-- the health care system cannot discriminate on the basis of
a disability.
The 49 million Americans with disabilities applaud
your leadership on focussing our nation's attention on this crucial
issue. We respectfully hope that this report will provide you and
Members of Congress with information that will be useful in constructing
a just and productive health care system for all.
Sincerely,
Marca Bristo
Chairperson
(The same letter of transmittal was sent to the President
Pro Tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House.)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
National Council Members and Staff
Introduction
Town Meetings Schedule
Themes
People with Disabilities Are
Treated Quite Poorly Under the Current System
Private Health Insurance Companies
Public Health Insurance Programs
Long-Term Care
People with Disabilities Live
in Fear of the Repercussions of Many of the Current Health Care
Reform Proposals
Access v. Coverage
Health Care Alliances
Community-Based Coverage v. Institutional Coverage
Choice of Providers
Rationing
The Goals of Universal Coverage
and Comprehensive Benefits for Persons with Disabilities Can Be
Achieved
Elimination of Pre-Existing Condition Exclusion
Elimination of Lifetime Caps
Universal Coverage
Consumer Needs
Expansion of Community Mental Health Services
Assistive Technology Coverage
Elimination of Work Disincentives
Strategies Can Be Developed
to Make Health Care Reform Responsive to the Needs of Americans
with Disabilities
Principles for Health Care Reform from a Disability
Perspective
Needs of People with Disabilities
Conclusion
Attachments
A. A Description of the Process
Used to Conduct the National Council on Disability's Health Care
Reform Hearings
B. Consortium for Citizens with
Disabilities: Principles for Health Care Reform From a Disability
Perspective
C. Participant List
D. Mission of the National Council
on Disability
NATIONAL
COUNCIL MEMBERS AND STAFF MEMBERS
Marca Bristo, Chairperson
John A. Gannon, Vice Chairperson
Linda W. Allison
Ellis B. Bodron
Larry Brown, Jr.
Mary Ann Mobley Collins
Anthony H. Flack
Robert S. Muller
Bonnie O'Day
Mary M. Raether
Shirley W. Ryan
Anne C. Seggerman
Michael B. Unhjem
Helen W. Walsh
Kate Pew Wolters
STAFF
Edward P. Burke, Acting Executive Director
Billie Jean Hill, Program Specialist
Mark S. Quigley, Public Affairs Specialist
Brenda Bratton, Executive Secretary
Stacey S. Brown, Staff Assistant
Janice Mack, Administrative Officer
EDITORS
Edward P. Burke, Acting Executive Director
Mark S. Quigley, Public Affairs Specialist
INTRODUCTION
During the months of March and April, 1994,
the National Council on Disability held five "town meetings" across
the United States in order to provide persons with disabilities,
family members, and other interested citizens with an opportunity
to express their views on the various proposals for health care
reform which are currently being considered by the Federal government.
The purpose of these town meetings was to identify the concerns
of consumers regarding current proposals for reform and to learn
of possible ways in which these concerns might be addressed as the
various plans go forward. A summary of the process used to conduct
the hearings is found in Attachment A.
TOWN
MEETINGS SCHEDULE Town meetings were held
on the following dates in these locations:
- March 30, 1994, San Diego Hilton, 1775 E. Mission
Bay Drive, San Diego, CA
- April 5, 1994, Texas Rehabilitation Commission,
4900 North Lamar, Austin, TX
- April 6, 1994, Ramada Inn, 420 SE 6th Street,
Topeka, KS
- April 9, 1994, Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza, 1605
Broadway, New York, New York
- April 11, 1994, Holiday Inn City Centre, 1800
Market Street, Philadelphia, PA
Hundreds of people with disabilities and other interested
citizens attended these hearings. Over 130 people, the majority
of whom were disabled, provided formal testimony to the Council.
While our review of the large body of testimony emanating from these
hearings is ongoing, several major themes have emerged from our
review of the testimony to date. They are as follows:
After five years of crisis-ridden terminal illness,
my life was saved in December of 1990 by a liver transplant. My
experience represents the best and worst of the U.S. health care
system. As a result of pioneering medical therapy and the generosity
of a donor family, I have been brought back from the brink of
death. But I face a protracted and intense struggle to obtain
the health care I need every day to stay alive. Since 1985, every
decision that my wife and I have made about family life, employment
or education has been weighed against my need for access to life-sustaining
drugs, tests and treatment.
- Robert Fasano
THEMES
People
with Disabilities Are Treated Quite Poorly Under the Current System.
PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE
COMPANIES
Families sometimes find that soon after their
child's diagnosis, their insurance company increases their premiums
dramatically, out of reach of their ability to pay. Others report
that their policies have been cancelled or that the company refuses
to renew them. Families of children whose lives have been saved
by sophisticated but expensive medical treatments find that they
have reached a "lifetime cap" and that their insurance coverage
has vanished.
- Kate Maus
Private health insurance companies frequently deny
people with disabilities any coverage at all or provide only limited
coverage, often for exorbitantly expensive premium levels. This
is frequently due to the exclusion of "pre-existing conditions"
in many private health insurance plans. Simply put, people with
disabilities cannot receive coverage because of this form of legalized
discrimination. While it may be true that certain people with disabilities
might require increased medical services, the actuarial information
utilized by many private insurance companies to determine whether
an individual is eligible for coverage often "lumps" people into
very large disability categories (e.g. "cerebral palsy") and provides
for exclusion based on these categories, without an individualized
determination. And while the Americans with Disabilities Act contains
some very weak provisions concerning health care insurance discrimination
against people with disabilities, much of this actuarial information
used to exclude people with disabilities is quite out-of-date and
does not reflect the tremendous progress that has occurred over
the past twenty years in treating and ameliorating the effects of
disabilities, the explosion of progress in medical and assistive
technology devices which substantially improve health status, and
the remarkably increased life expectancy for many persons with disabilities.
Thus, private health care insurance plans effectively exclude many
people with disabilities from coverage.
Even for those individuals with disabilities who do
receive coverage, it is often reported that private insurance companies
refuse payment for services and items that consumers thought were
covered under their health care plans.
I don't have prepared testimony because I was
up past midnight working on insurance claims. My nine-year-old
son has severe disabilities and I have spent the past nine years
negotiating reimbursement for covered services, accumulating documentation,
appeals and re-appeals for the payment of covered services. In
the past year every one of my son's speech therapy and half of
his physical therapy claims have been appealed.
- Paula Russell
In addition, co-payment requirements leave many people
with disabilities (many of whom are poor, due to the 67% unemployment
rate among people with disabilities) unable to pay for required
services. This seems particularly true regarding prescription drugs.
I was waiting in line at my pharmacy about a
month ago when I overheard the pharmacist talking to the lady
in front of me. She was told that she would be given a two-day
supply of her prescription, and could get the rest when she came
in with the money to pay for it. I wonder if she was able to go
back and get the remainder of her prescription. I wonder if she
is all right.
- Michael Todd
Many witnesses reported that they had to make a choice
every month about whether they should buy food or fill their prescriptions.
Finally, the existence of "lifetime cap" provisions edge many people
with disabilities, particularly children, out of coverage within
a short period of time, sometimes as the result of a single illness.
PUBLIC HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAMS
Some families find that their only effective
choice is to stop working completely and go on public assistance
so that they will have health insurance for their sick child.
- Kate Maus
Public health insurance programs are full of coverage
barriers as well. Hundreds of thousands of Americans with disabilities
must make a choice as to whether they will work and enjoy even a
marginally adequate standard of living or whether they will have
health insurance. The poverty-based nature of many publicly funded
health care plans makes it impossible for people to work and become
more independent.
Robert E. Friedman, Chair of the Corporation
for Enterprise Development, has pointed out in reference to the
welfare system that, "The problem with the current system is not
that it rewards indolence, but that it penalizes effort." The
same may be said of the Social Security Disability benefits program.
- Dr. Douglas Martin
Even more insidiously, this forced economic idleness
can lead to increased health problems in and of itself. For those
who often must choose to forgo an active and contributing life due
to the need to have some kind of health care coverage, there are
often waiting periods lasting two years until coverage begins.
A year ago, I went on SS Disability. I have no
medical insurance. I know the awkwardness of not having insurance
and having to say, "Take me as a charity case. I am in deep trouble.
I need a steroid treatment." It is an extremely demeaning and
awkward situation to be in. I don't understand the two-year waiting
period for medical coverage under SS Disability. In the real world,
I realize, there are economics involved there. But the insecurity
of not having medical insurance is very stressful.
- Paul Kahn
Thus, the cycle of poverty and poor health is exacerbated.
Once individuals become eligible for coverage, they
find that many doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers
will not accept government insurance due to the excessive paperwork
and low reimbursement rates involved. Thus, they must either forgo
treatment once again or travel across town to a "Medicaid mill"
where persons are "processed" at great speed (and with very little
attention to their individual needs) so that the professionals involved
may maximize their reimbursement. Even when consumers do access
appropriate medical care providers, they often find that publicly-assisted
programs will not cover necessary services and equipment. For example,
the refusal of Medicaid to cover appropriate wheelchairs for people
with physical disabilities borders on legendary.
Social Security says it won't pay for a chair
my wife can lift, so she'll throw her back out and become disabled.
My doctor gave up trying to get me a wheelchair. He said, "Let's
steal one." We did. The salesman looked the other way and we took
it.
- Dennis Sharp
At one of our hearings a consumer who uses a wheelchair
asked the dozens of other people who used wheelchairs in the room
if they had obtained minimally appropriate wheelchairs through the
Medicaid program. Not one said they had.
LONG-TERM CARE
I am 67 years old and I have cerebral palsy.
I've lived in institutions since I was ten years old.
Health care reform that accommodates the needs
of people with disabilities would allow me to live independently
in the community for the first time in my life. If I could live
in the community with the aid of universal health coverage and
guaranteed long-term care services, I could come and go as I please
for the first time in my life.
I still have hope that I will be able to leave
the nursing home and live on my own. Health care reform that does
not meet the needs of people with disabilities like me is not
real health reform.
- Harry Richardson
Finally, it must be noted that a significant portion
of the billions of dollars spent by government agencies on an annual
basis for long-term care coverage is wasted on the unnecessary institutional
placement of persons with disabilities (and others) in nursing homes
and State and county institutions. Given the tremendous institutional
bias of government long-term care options, literally hundreds of
thousands of citizens have no other choice but to live in nursing
homes and other segregating, dehumanizing institutions. The continued
placement of individuals in these inappropriate institutions is
not due to their "need" for such placements.
For nearly twenty years, alternatives to these placements
have been in place and have been quite successful in providing for
the needs of these individuals in home and community based settings,
often at lower cost to the government.
Concepts of Independence is a unique approach
to home care services in which an individual is given the power
to hire, fire and train a home attendant. It has been in existence
for fourteen years and currently serves over 350 consumers, so
that should be proof enough that it is a doable thing. It is also
very cost effective. It would save 50% of the money it would take
to maintain a person in an institution. In addition, it allows
people to have a more dignified and satisfying way of life by
enabling them to maintain themselves in their own homes.
- Pat Walls
Indeed, there are now entire States wherein, for example,
nobody with a developmental disability lives in a large congregate
care institution. Thus, it is apparent that there is a painful gap
between what we know how to do in order to dramatically improve
the quality of life experienced by people with disabilities and
what the government currently funds. Without a massive redeployment
of resources in favor of supporting individuals and their families
in home and community-based options, literally millions of people
will continue to have their lives wasted for them by the government
and waiting lists for community services will continue to expand.
People
with Disabilities Live in Fear of the Repercussions of Many of the
Current Health Care Reform Proposals.
ACCESS v. COVERAGE
Even given the absolute inadequacy of the current
health care insurance situation, many witnesses testified that they
were afraid that the situation might become worse if certain proposals
for health care reform currently being considered were adopted.
First of all, many of these proposals guarantee "access" to health
care, not "coverage." As one witness noted,
We all have access to purchasing markets. If
we have enough money, they'll be happy to sell it to us. That's
what access to health care means: if we're rich, we can buy into
it. We already have access. What we need is guaranteed coverage.
Thus, rhetoric regarding "expanded access" to health
care is widely rejected.
HEALTH CARE ALLIANCES
Another fear expressed during the hearings was that
the proposed model of "health care alliances" or other similar cooperative
ventures would continue (and perhaps expand upon) the current inadequacies
of the private insurance industry. Many witnesses saw alliances
as perpetuating the current problems they experience in obtaining
appropriate coverage. They do not see much chance for change if
the same companies which currently provide them with inadequate
coverage band together. In fact, many saw the situation as getting
worse, even if the goal of "universal coverage" remained in the
reform package.
COMMUNITY-BASED COVERAGE v. INSTITUTIONAL COVERAGE
Long-term care which is community based and provided
in the home is essential to divert people with severe disabilities
from expensive nursing homes which are often paid for by federal
dollars. Diverting funds from the nursing home "cartel" to fund
community based in-home supports is a cost efficient program that
will enable more people with disabilities to work, play and contribute
in their communities.
- Patricia Yeager
In addition, many witnesses feared that the current
institutional bias in publicly-financed long-term care programs
would get worse. This was based on the outright exclusion of home
and community-based coverage in many proposals and the relatively
modest support for home and community-based coverage in even the
most sweeping proposals. One fear is that if, indeed, "universal
coverage" is mandated for acute and episodic services, and promises
are kept wherein the Medicare program remains untouched, current
Medicare dollars will, through default, be channelled into long-term
institutional settings for older persons. As it is currently the
case that many people with disabilities (including thousands of
younger people with disabilities) are effectively forced to live
in nursing homes and other "chronic care" institutions, an expansion
of institutional placements for older Americans will lead to an
expansion of the inappropriate institutionalization of people with
disabilities, particularly as many institutional facilities are
linked to profit-making , multi-State (and sometimes, multinational)
corporations, who need to maintain high average daily census counts
in order to maximize profits.
CHOICE OF PROVIDERS
Many individuals also expressed fear that their choice
of providers would be severely restricted. In some cases their experiences
under the current system have caused them to be concerned.
My health care providers are judged by the insurance
payors as "preferred" primarily based on the swiftness the provider
gets the patient in and out of the system.
- Janice Drake
Many adults with disabilities and parents of children
with disabilities testified that it had taken them literally years
to locate professionals who were familiar with and competent in
treating a particular disability. They feared that their choice
to continue seeing these professionals would be taken away under
most of the current reform proposals.
I tried to get [the managed care insurance company]
to understand how my care could be harmed by forcing me to be
treated by doctors who know nothing about my history. I have tried
to explain that switching providers will force doctors to do expensive
and redundant retesting to establish test baselines that describe
my condition. Providers who have not monitored my condition over
time will not detect changes in my condition that may call for
a change of my immunosuppressive regimen or other treatments.
And, as observant as I have learned to be over the course of my
treatments, there are times when I may not be able to communicate
or detect a change in my condition.
- Robert Fasano
With a perceived reduction in specialty care, the
provision of disability-related treatments and services would not
even be considered, as professionals would be unfamiliar with the
needs of consumers. Many witnesses stated that they were afraid
that these necessary treatments and services would not be available
under most of the reform plans, either due to ignorance on the part
of providers or limitations on funding.
All plan participants were forced, with one week's
notice, to select a gatekeeper from a list of primary care physicians....
When calling primary care physicians to ask whether they would
act as my "gatekeeper" and coordinate my post-liver transplant
immunosuppressive therapy, I was refused by the primary care providers
based on my condition. They stated that they would not see me
because they are not appropriate providers. They said that my
primary care should be coordinated by a physician knowledgeable
in post-liver transplant immunosuppressive protocols. .... The
problem is that there are no doctors on the managed care plan's
list of primary care doctors who are familiar with these protocols.
Now I am stuck with a complex medical condition which may be destabilized
at any time and a provider who doesn't understand my needs but
who can give or withhold care that I need.
- Robert Fasano
RATIONING
Finally, several witnesses stated that they feared
that cost control measures (which would inevitably be part of any
reform plan adopted by the government) would lead to health care
rationing. Such rationing, coupled with the significant discrimination
faced by individuals with disabilities, would lead to the denial
of necessary -- even life-saving -- treatments and services for
persons with disabilities. This is not a theoretical issue. Witnesses
cited the 1992 health care reform plan proposed by the State of
Oregon which would have excluded people with specific disabling
conditions from treatment as evidence of the possible effects of
rationing. While this plan was rejected by the Federal government
because of possible violations of the Americans with Disabilities
Act and was not given approval until this concern was addressed,
other pervasive attitudinal barriers (exemplified, for instance,
by the current frenzy regarding so-called "physician assisted suicide"
targeted mostly at people with disabilities) amply substantiate
this fear.
The
Goals of Universal Coverage and Comprehensive Benefits for Persons
with Disabilities Can Be Achieved.
ELIMINATION OF PRE-EXISTING
CONDITION EXCLUSION
It may be clear to some, but not to all, why
the allowance of a phrase, such as "pre-existing conditions" is
an overwhelming ruse for blatant discrimination. It is pure and
simple discrimination because insurance companies have used this
phrase repeatedly to exclude our people from covered policies
for many years!
- Dr. Erik von Schmetterling
In spite of the many issues cited above, most witnesses
were hopeful that the goals of universal coverage and comprehensive
benefits could be achieved. First of all, the most basic step toward
this goal would be to eliminate the pre-existing condition exclusions
that are embedded in the vast majority of health insurance programs.
Simply put, in the views of consumers, it is criminal that people
are totally excluded from coverage based on who they are or given
coverage for everything other than their major areas of need.
The economic impact of these pre-existing condition exclusions --
which effectively force people with disabilities into government
programs that make it impossible to work -- is staggering.
Princeton sociologist, Paul Starr, points out
that three out of ten people say that they or someone in their
family have had to give up a better job opportunity because of
a pre-existing medical condition.
- Dr. Douglas Martin
The resulting loss of independence and basic human
dignity is immeasurable. Therefore, the first step toward universal
coverage and comprehensive benefits must be the elimination of pre-existing
condition exclusions.
ELIMINATION OF LIFETIME CAPS
Second, provisions in current health insurance plans
that impose lifetime caps on services should be eliminated. Under
the current system, the small number of people who require intensive,
expensive services are, in effect, told that their health and even
their lives are no longer valuable once they have reached a certain
health care expenditure level.
The insurance company at my husband's new employer
... would only cover my lupus to a lifetime limit of $10,000.
When you're spending over $300 per month on drugs and hundreds
more each year on physician care and laboratory work, that amount
wouldn't last very long. One -- even one very brief -- hospital
stay would use it all.
- Jean Hall
Ironically, this expenditure level is often considerably
less than the level that the government spends on one or two health-related
grants, grants which are often responsible for the expensive technology
used on people until they have reached their lifetime cap. This
is not to open a floodgate of expensive medical procedures that
will bankrupt the system. With extremely few exceptions, no one
would choose to undergo these procedures unless they were absolutely
necessary.
UNIVERSAL COVERAGE
Third, there must be a government mandate for universal
coverage (not universal access). Whether this takes the form
of a guaranteed governmentally-supported system, employer mandates,
or other mechanisms is open. However, there must be a guarantee
of universal coverage.
We must insist upon universal coverage. Everyone
in this country must be able to get the health care services they
need when they need it. Period.
- Bill Stothers
This mandate should not encourage the development
of a secondary insurance market through its coverage restrictions.
For example, it is entirely conceivable that universal coverage
could be mandated, yet only cover two respiratory therapy sessions
per month. For an infant needing daily respiratory therapy this
would obviously not be sufficient. How would the extra sessions
be financed? In many situations, family resources would be exhausted
quickly. Enter the specter of a secondary insurance market developing
in order to cover these "extra" services. Multiply this example
across several areas (physical therapy, chemotherapy, testing procedures,
etc.) and consumers face the same situation they are in now. The
development of this secondary market also makes it easy for the
government to not include certain services, dramatically restrict
coverage, or eliminate existing coverage provisions due to the very
existence of this secondary market.
CONSUMER NEEDS
Fourth, it is important that the mandate covers what
consumers actually need, not what is currently available. As mentioned
above, health care reform for people with disabilities should eliminate
the current disparity between funding for home and community-based
services and institutional placements.
I watched a capable individual change when she
contracted a very disabling condition who could not do her own
shopping. She wanted to live independently. She did not want nursing
homes. But the only time she got the right care was in the nursing
home because that was the only time she qualified for MediCal.
She was unable to pay for the drugs that she needed to live and
had to make the choice between the drugs and eating. She turned
to another drug that was cheaper and easier to get. It eventually
killed her.
- Linda Thompson
We have known for decades that people with disabilities
can and should lead lives of maximum independence, productivity,
and inclusion in their local communities, instead of being forced
out of their homes and effectively placed under the "ownership"
of either the State or medical model corporations. As the supports
needed by individuals with disabilities to live in the community
are still classified as "health related," health care reform should
eliminate the current disparity and significantly redeploy funding
into home and community-based options. If this does not occur, tens
of thousands of people with disabilities will be effectively denied
access to the stated goals of the Americans with Disabilities Act:
equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living,
and economic self-sufficiency.
I want health care coverage so I can get a job
and become a tax paying citizen. Now I can't work because if I
do, I can't earn anything above the poverty level or I lose my
health coverage. In this state, it is estimated that it costs
$72,000 a year to keep a head-injured person in an institution.
My family has taken care of me, but they are getting on in years.
I want to be on my own so I can have some kind of a life.
- David Wilson
EXPANSION OF COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
In addition, there should be a significant expansion
of community mental health services.
For many people, children and families in particular,
[mental health] services just do not exist in their neighborhoods
or within a reasonable commute. For others, insurance does not
provide coverage for all or any of the services, co-payments may
be too high, or sliding scale fee schedules may not be available.
Families frequently must relinquish custody in order to access
services for their minor children.
- Eva Walters
Current evidence shows that many mental health problems
are amenable to a wide variety of medical treatments.
Yet, most of the current proposals for health care
reform fail to provide for parity between physical and mental health
services. This maybe due to the continuing assumption that mental
health problems are really the "fault" of the individual and that
they would "go away" if only the individual "behaved." This type
of stereotyping and the extreme prejudice faced by people with mental
health issues remain as barriers to adaptive public policy regarding
equal treatment for physical and mental health services. Furthermore,
the denial of mental health coverage results in increased costs
for physical health care.
An extremely compelling reason to provide comprehensive
mental health coverage is that studies have shown that it results
in a decrease in the use of general medical care. Eighty-five
percent of all studies on offsets demonstrate that the utilization
of medical treatment decreases following mental health treatment
- inpatient utilization by about 70 percent and outpatient, by
over 20 percent.
- Berta Britz
ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY COVERAGE
Next, there should be coverage for assistive technology.
While it has been argued that some assistive technology might not
be "medically necessary," it is important to note that over the
past decade there has been a vast increase in the amount and type
of technology available to assist individuals with disabilities.
This technology has been instrumental in enabling people with disabilities
to become more mobile, more functional, and, in general, much less
dependent on the care of others.
I have had polio and use a powered wheelchair.
At my work site, I have a computer which recognizes and responds
to my voice and I have these braces which are customized for me
to get the most potential with my strength. Sometimes I feel like
the bionic woman. Without these braces, I wouldn't be able to
feed myself; I wouldn't be able to write.
- Darlene Calvert
Many witnesses testified that the increased mobility
and communication skills they enjoy as a result of assistive technology
have led to a dramatic reduction in secondary disabling conditions
(decubitus ulcers, respiratory infections, etc.) and much greater
access to medical assistance through improved communication. When
assistive technology is made unavailable, individuals suffer.
I know one individual who has cerebral palsy
and puts a lot of stress on his wheelchair because he has a lot
of movements. His wheelchair only lasts a couple of years and
MediCal won't fund another for five years. His chair fell apart
and he didn't have a chair to support his body. I watched him
deteriorate because of that.
- Linda Thompson
It should also be noted that much of this technology
has been developed with the support of Federal grants to medical
and health-related facilities. Once again, it would seem quite ironic
that technology developed under medical auspices should be suddenly
considered "non-medical" when consumers seek to access it.
ELIMINATION OF WORK DISINCENTIVES
Finally, any effective effort at health care reform
should break the current stranglehold that health insurance currently
has on the ability of people with disabilities to work and be productive
in society. As noted earlier, current health insurance programs
effectively prohibit large numbers of people with disabilities from
working. Any health care reform measure that purports to improve
upon the current system should eliminate the work disincentives
embedded in the current system.
In all of the hoopla about how expensive national
health care will be, everyone seems to have lost sight of the
fact that so many people will be able to work now that health
care is available to them. The disability community is a huge
economic engine that is currently stalled because of the high
cost of health insurance or its complete unavailability. If people
with disabilities can go to work, then we can help pay for this
program rather than be forced to live off the public "purse."
- Patricia Yeager
Strategies Can Be Developed to Make Health Care Reform Responsive
to the Needs of Americans with Disabilities.
PRINCIPLES FOR HEALTH
CARE REFORM FROM A DISABILITY PERSPECTIVE
Throughout the hearings, people with disabilities
and other interested citizens repeated their belief that health
care reform efforts should address the principles articulated by
the Consortium for Citizens with Disabilities (CCD): non-discrimination,
comprehensiveness, appropriateness, equity, and efficiency (please
refer to Attachment B for a summary of these principles). In analyzing
proposals for health care reform which were pending at the time
of the town meetings, witnesses stated that only two of the current
approaches being considered would address these principles: the
single-payer proposal and the Administration's proposal. It is beyond
the scope of this brief summary to provide a detailed analysis of
how each of these proposals would need to be modified in order to
meet the needs described above or the principles of the CCD. However,
it is encouraging to note that consumers did see much promise in
both of these approaches and believed that with appropriate amendments,
either plan had the potential for meeting the needs of people with
disabilities in a substantive, though perhaps not ideal, fashion.
While the single-payer system is seen as one which
would meet everybody's needs, consumers did express reservations
about several aspects including choice of medical professionals/procedures
they would be able to access and the probability of rationing under
a single-payer system. And while support was also expressed for
the Administration's plan, concerns were also voiced regarding the
continuation of gatekeeping responsibilities by the health insurance
industry, insufficient attention to durable equipment needs, the
continued preference for institutional versus home and community
placements, rationing by providers which has a disproportionate
impact on people with disabilities, and other issues. Clearly, both
proposals would require modification, if either were to better address
the needs of people with disabilities.
NEEDS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
It is critical to note that while "special interest
groups" attempt to sway the health care reform debate to favor their
positions or industries, the amendment of current proposals to address
the needs of Americans with disabilities does not constitute the
extension of favor to a specific interest group. At present, there
are 49 million people with disabilities in America. Well over half
of the U.S. population has a family member, friend, or colleague
with a disability. And, as the population ages, it is inevitable
that many people will experience disabilities in themselves or their
families and friends during the course of their lifetimes.
Recent Federal legislation has referred to the fact
that disability, far from being a rare event, is a natural part
of the human experience. Within this context, paying attention to
the needs of people with disabilities does not constitute a "cave
in" to a special interest group. Paying attention to the needs of
people with disabilities means paying attention to the potential
needs of all citizens.
Disability is one of the fastest growing minority
groups that anyone can join at any time.
- Congressman Jerrold Nadler
CONCLUSION
This brief report summarizes the many hours
of testimony provided to the National Council on Disability during
its five town meetings on Making Health Care Reform Work for
Americans with Disabilities. We are quite grateful to all who
took the time and made the effort to attend these meetings, meetings
which exemplified one of the best traditions of American democracy.
The National Council on Disability looks forward to continuing its
work with the community of people with disabilities, the Administration,
and the Congress toward the creation of a health care system that
meets the needs of all Americans in the near future.
ATTACHMENT
A: A DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS USED TO
CONDUCT THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON DISABILITY'S HEALTH CARE REFORM
HEARINGS
Each meeting began with a presentation by John A.
Gannon, Acting Chairperson of the National Council, who explained
the purpose of the meeting, the role of the National Council in
shaping disability policy at the Federal level, and previous work
done by the Council in the area of health care for Americans with
disabilities.
Next, Justin Dart, former Chairperson of the President's
Committee on the Employment of People with Disabilities, described
the importance of the issue of health care reform to persons with
disabilities, particularly as it related to employment, community
living, and the implementation of the Americans with Disabilities
Act.
After this, Paul Marchand*, Kathy McGinley, or Marty
Ford of the Arc (formerly the Association for Retarded Citizens
of the U.S.), described the features of the major health care reform
proposals currently being considered by the Congress.
Next, Gina McDonald, Executive Director of the Kansas
Association of Independent Living Centers, described various methods
by which consumers could become more involved in the debate on health
care reform both at the local and national level.
Finally, Ed Burke, Acting Executive Director of the
National Council, described the town meeting process, "groundrules"
for testimony, and what would happen as a result of the meetings.
________________
* Note: Mr. Marchand also serves as Chairperson of the Consortium
for Citizens with Disabilities, a Washington, DC-based organization
of over 100 national associations concerned with the needs of persons
with disabilities.
ATTACHMENT
B: CONSORTIUM FOR CITIZENS WITH DISABILITIES
HEALTH TASK FORCE
"PRINCIPLES FOR HEALTH CARE REFORM FROM A DISABILITY
PERSPECTIVE"
(February, 1993)
ON BEHALF OF:
AIDS Action Council
Alliance for Genetic Support Groups
American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
American Association for Counseling and Development
American Association of University Affiliated Programs
American Association on Mental Retardation
American Civil Liberties Union
American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
American Foundation for the Blind
American Occupational Therapy Association
American Physical Therapy Association
American Psychological Association
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Epilepsy Foundation of America
Immune Deficiency Foundation
International Association of Psychosocial Rehabilitation Services
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation
Learning Disabilities Association
National Alliance for the Mentally Ill
National Association for Music Therapy
National Association of Developmental Disabilities Councils
National Association of Medical Equipment Suppliers
National Association of Private Residential Resources
National Association of Protection and Advocacy Systems
National Association of Rehabilitation Facilities
National Association of State Mental Retardation Program Directors
National Council for Independent Living
National Council of Community Mental Health Centers
National Easter Seal Society
National Head Injury Foundation
National Mental Health Association
National Multiple Sclerosis Society
National Organization for Rare Disorders
National Parent Network on Disabilities
National Recreation and Parks Association
National Rehabilitation Association
National Spinal Cord Injury Association
National Transplant Support Network
Spina Bifida Association of America
The Arc
The Association for Persons with Severe Disabilities
United Cerebral Palsy Associations, Inc.
World Institute on Disability
INTRODUCTION
The organizations represented in CCD's Health Task
Force appreciate the opportunity to express our priorities for health
care reform from a disability perspective. The time is ripe to sharpen
the debate for national health care reform. The Consortium for Citizens
with Disabilities is a working coalition comprised of over 75 consumer,
service provider, and professional organizations which advocate
on behalf of persons with disabilities and their families. This
statement is presented on behalf of 42 national organizations who
comprise the overwhelming majority of CCD Health Task Force members.
The more than 43 million Americans with disabilities include individuals
with physical and mental impairments, conditions, or disorders,
severe acute or chronic illness which limit or impede their ability
to function.
Such disabilities may occur as a result of disease,
injury, sudden trauma, aging, or congenital anomaly. One of the
reasons for the passage last year of the historic Americans with
Disabilities Act was to finally recognize not only the existence
and importance of these millions of American with disabilities,
but also to ensure their individual civil rights.
When one considers the number and range of individuals
covered by the definition of disability, it is no wonder that the
issue of access to appropriate, adequate, and affordable health
care and related support systems is of such critical important to
the CCD. In fact, while 43 million is the official number cited
for persons with disabilities, the CCD believes that, in actuality,
this number is an under-estimation. Therefore, it is also no wonder
that any discussion of reform of the nation's health care system
must include not only the generic consumer perspective but also
the unique perspective of consumers with disabilities. It is the
belief of the CCD that addressing the disability perspective in
the current health care reform debate will ultimately benefit all
Americans.
In considering the issue of health from the disability
perspective, it is essential to re-focus our conception of what
being "healthy" really is. For so many people with disabilities,
health is determined by functional capacity. It is the ability to
maintain or increase this functional capacity that is often the
measure of the person with disabilities' opportunity to live an
independent life and participate as fully as possible in the life
of the community. True realization of the rights now guaranteed
by the ADA and other important pieces of civil rights legislation,
unfortunately, will continue to be limited as long as people with
disabilities do not have access to a seamless array of life-long
health, personal, and support services.
The CCD had determined that any effort to reform the
nation's health care system must be built on five basic principles:
non-discrimination, comprehensiveness, appropriateness, equity,
and efficiency. Only in this manner can we ensure that national
health care reform efforts take into consideration the needs of
Americans with disabilities.
PRINCIPLES
The CCD believes that any ultimate solution to the
health care crisis must be based on the principle of non-discrimination
ensuring that people with disabilities of all ages and their families
have the opportunity to fully participate. The CCD would define
a successful health care system as one that offers a comprehensive
array of health, rehabilitation, personal, and support services,
as well as a system that ensures that these services are appropriate
in that they are provided on the basis of each individual's need,
personal choice, and situation. In addition, any truly effective
solution must be equitable ensuring that no group of individuals
bears a disproportionate burden.
Finally, the CCD asserts that an effective and accessible
health care system must be efficient ensuring that system resources
are utilized to meet health care needs. The CCD strongly supports
the right to health care for all persons regardless of income or
health status.
Non-Discrimination: People with disabilities of
all ages and their families must be able to fully participate in
the nation's health care system.
People with disabilities are often discriminated against
in the health insurance marketplace because they are presumed to
be high health care users. In fact, most people with disabilities
are not sick. Nevertheless, private insurers use medical underwriting
practices which are designed to ensure that high users of health
care are charged higher premiums, subjected to preexisting condition
exclusions, or rejected totally as an "unacceptable risk". Discrimination
occurs when a sizeable proportion of people with disabilities, who
are actually low users of health care, are denied insurance or subjected
to preexisting condition exclusions. Discrimination also occurs
when high users of health care are denied adequate coverage because
they cannot afford the premiums or are subjected to limitations
on covered services. From a disability perspective, the very practice
of experience-rating, which ensures that premiums are set on the
basis of previous utilization, is a form of unfair discrimination
against high users.
Access to health care for individuals with disabilities
cannot be considered in a vacuum. Historically, discrimination on
the basis of disability has limited opportunities in employment,
education, housing, travel, and other aspects of daily life. Now,
with rights guaranteed in so many of these areas by the passage
of the Americans with Disabilities Act and other important civil
rights legislation, there is a growing realization in the disability
community that access to health care is a major barrier that threatens
to interfere with the attainment of these rights. The CCD believes
that the present inability of a substantial proportion of people
with disabilities to participate in the nation's health care system
at a level which meets their needs is a direct reflection of the
continued misperception of both the skills and needs of people with
disabilities. Non-discrimination requires that the health care financing
system:
- prohibits pre-existing condition exclusions;
- prohibits rating practices that discriminate against
higher users of health care;
- ensures that all persons, regardless of income
or health status, have access to the all needed health related
services;
- provides access without regard to age, race, place
of residence, or the characteristics of persons with whom one
maintains family relationships;
- ensures continuity and portability of coverage.
Comprehensiveness: People with disabilities and
their families must have access to a health care system that ensures
a comprehensive array of health, rehabilitation, personal, and support
services across all service categories and sites of service delivery.
The CCD asserts that an effective and comprehensive
health care system, one that is responsive to the needs of people
with disabilities, would provide a seamless array of life-long health
related services. Comprehensiveness implies the broadest set of
services that assist individuals with disabilities and their families
to achieve and sustain optimum physical and mental function. The
terms "health, rehabilitation, personal, and support services",
used by the CCD, refers to a universe of services delivered by a
range of practitioners in a variety of sites and illustrates the
necessary breadth of a health care delivery system that is truly
accessible to people with disabilities. Over the course of a lifetime,
all people commonly require a broad array of health, rehabilitation,
personal, and support services. However, access to the entire array
of these services must be ensured for people with disabilities.
Often it is the availability of these services that can determine
their ability to live independent lives and fully participate in
the community. Moreover, adequate access can prevent exacerbation
of a small health problem into a larger more costly health problem.
People with disabilities would most benefit from a health care system
that includes access to:
- preventive services, including services to prevent
the worsening of a disability
- health promotion/education services
- diagnostic services
- inpatient and outpatient physician services
- hospital inpatient and outpatient care
- long- and short-term home and community-based
services
- long-term care in medical facilities
- prescription drugs, biologicals, and medical foods
- mental health, counseling, and substance abuse
services
- habilitation services
- rehabilitation services, including audiology,
occupational therapy, physical therapy, psycho-social services,
respiratory therapy, speech-language pathology services, cognitive,
vision, and behavioral therapies, and therapeutic recreation
- personal assistance services and independent living
services
- durable medical equipment and other assistive
devices, equipment, and related services
Appropriateness: People with disabilities and their
families must be assured that comprehensive health, rehabilitation,
personal, and support services are provided on the basis of individual
need, preference, and choice.
Particular attention must be placed on the appropriateness
of available services. It is of critical importance to the disability
community that full involvement of the "consumer" is assured in
all decisions affecting the selection of service, service provider,
service timing, and service setting. CCD is concerned that certain
forms of managed care create an incentive for under-serving people
with disabilities and often utilize gate-keepers who are not knowledgeable
about the special health care needs of people with disabilities.
The issue of consumer choice and participation has
a particular importance for persons with disabilities. While the
present acute-care oriented health care system has a tendency to
relegate all "consumers" to a dependent status embodied in the "sick
role", this indignity is particularly disempowering to people with
disabilities when their chronic health conditions are permanent.
That is why the health related services for persons with disabilities
must be delivered in a way that minimizes interference with normal
activities, and that health care financing policies which govern
access to health care for persons with chronic conditions must be
sensitive to issues of locus and control.
It is essential that decisions about health care services
reflect personal preference and maximum benefit to the individual
rather than provider and service setting availability, cost-containment
goals, or coverage limits. CCD asserts that meaningful access to
health care involves the right of the individual consumer to participate
in the decision-making process regarding the provision of needed
services and to be educated so appropriate self-care is possible.
In addition, CCD strongly believes that people with
disabilities must be involved in policy decisions that will guide
the nation's health care system. An appropriate health care system
is one which:
- includes consumer participation;
- ensures consumer choice in relation to services
and provider;
- ensures a range of service settings through an
integrated delivery system;
- ensures appropriate amount, scope, and duration
of services;
- ensure the availability of trained personnel.
Equity: People with disabilities and their families
must be ensured equitable participation in the nation's health care
system and not burdened with disproportionate costs.
The CCD asserts that equal access to health services
will not be readily achievable unless payment for health, rehabilitation,
personal, and support services is equitably distributed so that
no individual or public or private sector interest is burdened with
a disproportionate share of the cost. Because of cost issues, too
often people with disabilities and their families have been required
to make unfortunate choices between needed health services in appropriate
settings and what they can afford. These types of choices obviously
do not reflect the principles of non-discrimination, comprehensiveness,
and appropriateness of services.
Health care reform must ensure that people have access
to services based on health care need and not on their employment
status or income level. As a group, people with disabilities have
lower income than the general population and many adults with disabilities
and families with members with disabilities devote a disproportionate
share of their income to health care and disability related services.
An equitable health care system would be one which:
- limits out of pocket expenses and cost sharing
requirements for participants;
- provides access to services based on health care
need and not on income level or employment status;
- ensures adequate reimbursement for service providers;
Efficiency: People with disabilities and their
families must have access to a health care system that provides
a maximum of appropriate effective quality services with a minimum
of administrative waste.
The CCD is concerned that the current fragmentary
system has failed to achieve effective cost controls, or a rational
allocation of health resources, and contributes to substantial administrative
waste. It is estimated that more than 20 percent of health care
expenditures are attributed to administrative costs as 1,500 private
health insurers require different forms of provider documentation
to trace every claim for reimbursement to the utilization by a specific
individual with his or her own health insurance plan. In addition,
the fragmentary system has contributed to the growth of excess capacity
in the health care delivery system, inviting cost shifting, and
undermining efforts to achieve effective cost controls. This has
reinforced pressures for arbitrary cost containment by limiting
coverage in ways that often adversely affect persons with disabilities.
Moreover, health care financing policy has not evolved
much beyond acute care, failing to respond to the growing need for
preventive care and for chronic health care management which could
significantly reduce the growth of preventable diseases.
An efficient health care system is one that:
- reduces administrative complexity and minimizes
administrative costs;
- allocates resources in a more balanced way between
preventive services, acute care, rehabilitation, and chronic care
management;
- ensures the delivery of effective services;
- maintains effective cost controls so that all
people can get the health care services which they need.
Based on these "principles" from a disability perspective,
CCD is reviewing all the health reform legislation before the Congress
and submitting assessments of these bills as they are completed.
CONCLUSION
The disability community needs to be a major player
in reexamining health care financing policy. People with disabilities
are highly vulnerable to the limitations of both public and private
systems as they are squeezed between a private system which is designed
to charge accordingly to an assessment of risk and a public system
which subsidizes health care according to age, poverty status, family
structure, and an inability to work. Private health insurance was
developed and has remained a method for spreading risk of incurring
excessive costs primarily for hospital and physician services. For
individuals with disabilities, access to health care has been severely
restricted because of preexisting conditions and the mistaken assumption
that most people with disabilities need more hospital and physician
care than the population as a whole.
Health care reform needs to eliminate this restriction
and assure access to needed hospital and physician services. Equally
as important, the tradition of limiting covered services to hospital
and physician services must be changed. Rehabilitation services,
personal and support services, mental health services, and assistive
technology must be recognized as essential components of health
care.
Perhaps our greatest contribution will be in clarifying
the principles which should guide our health care system. These
include: (1) expanding the definition of "health" to include prevention
services, rehabilitation therapies, assistive technology, and on-going
health-related maintenance services; (2) distributing all health
related expenses equitably throughout the population; and (3) restructuring
our health care delivery system to more effectively support consumer-directed
chronic care management.
ATTACHMENT
C: NCD PARTICIPANT LIST
San Diego, California
March 29, 1994
Ms. Maurizio Antoninetti
2150 Cam. de la Reina - #201
San Diego, CA 92108
619/294-8889
Ms. Elizabeth Bacon
California Association of Persons with Handicaps
5667 Fontaine Street
San Diego, CA 92120
619/594-1112
Mr. Jon Barbre
4990 Del Monte Avenue - #3
San Diego, CA 92107
619/226-1810
Ms. Darlene Calvert
Access Center of San Diego
1322 Minden Drive
San Diego, CA 92111
619/293-3500
Michael Conroy, Esq.
3996 Shasta Street - #103
San Diego, CA 92109
619/581-1720
Mr. Joseph Earnest
AARP/VOTE
1468 La Habra Drive
Lake San Marcos, CA 92069
619/471-9159
Dr. Charles Elliot
6161 El Cajon Boulevard - #77
San Diego, CA 92115
619/496-1303
Mr. Tom Evans
1654 Columbia Street - #404
San Diego, CA 92101
619/232-3400
Mr. Roberto Frias
The Access Center
1295 University Avenue - Suite 10
San Diego, CA 92103
619/293-3500
Mr. Roy Gash
Access Center
8838 Mulvaney Drive
San Diego, CA 92119
619/296-8012
Ms. Kim Gibbens
San Diego Center for the Blind
5922 El Cajon Boulevard
San Diego, CA 92115
619/583-1542
Mr. Royce V. Hamrick
California Association of Persons with Handicaps
7707 Mission Gorge Road - #25
San Diego, CA 92120
619/287-0171
Mr. Wes Johnson
Accessible San Diego
402 West Broadway - Suite 400
San Diego, CA
619/279-0704
Ms. Julie Kingsley
Parent/Exceptional Family Resource Center
663 Woodward Street
San Marcos, CA 92069
619/471-7353
Douglas A. Martin, Ph.D.
1015 Gayley Avenue - #1008
Los Angeles, CA 90024
310/474-0582
Ms. Gretchen Mattson, M.Ed.
California Association of Persons with Handicaps
2420 44th Street - #C
San Diego, CA 92105-4766
619/262-1683
Ms. Leslie Bryant Morton
Developmental Disabilities Board/Area XIII
4711 Viewridge Avenue - Suite 160
San Diego, CA 92123
619/637-5563
Ms. LaVonne Murphy
National Multiple Sclerosis Society
San Diego Area Chapter
4715 Viewridge Avenue - Suite 150
San Diego, CA 92123
619/974-8640
Mr. Noel Neudeck
Change Agent
6224 Snowbond Street
San Diego, CA 92120-3735
619/382-0576
Ms. Nancy Oro
United Cerebral Palsy Association
4812 Mount Etna Drive
San Diego, CA 92117
619/278-5420
Ms. Michelle Porche
Developmental Disabilities Board/Area XIII
4711 Viewridge Avenue - Suite 160
San Diego, CA 92123
619/454-6889
Mr. Albert G. "Bud" Sayles
Access Center of San Diego
3584 Grim Aveneue
San Diego, CA 92104
619/293-3500
Mr. Dennis Sharp and Joanne Sharp
Consumer Access Network (CAN)
1230 Umatilla Street
Del Mar, CA 92014
619/755-0555
Mr. Jordan Sher
Southern Caregiver Resource Center
3675 Ruffin Road - Suite 230
San Diego, CA 92123
619/268-4432
Ms. Alisa Shuman
10226 Princess Saint Way
Santee, CA
619/258-6244
Mr. Joe Stern
AARP
6923 Amherst Street - #15
San Diego, CA 92115
619/265-2014
Mr. Marc Stern
National Head Injury Foundation/SELF
P.O. Box 10065
Marina Del Rey, CA 90295-6065
310/450-6077
Mr. Bill Stothers and Cindi Jones
Mainstream Magazine
2973 Beech Street
San Diego, CA 92102
619/234-3138
Janice M. Thomas, Esq.
Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1832 Garrison Way
El Cajon, CA 92019
619/899-8639
Ms. Linda Thompson
United Cerebral Palsy Association
400N Melrose Drive - #46
Vista, CA 92083
619/743-1050
F. Burns Vick, Jr., Esq.
Vick & Associates
Post Office Box 160695
Sacramento, CA 95816
916/442-7239
Ms. Patricia Yeager
The Access Center
1295 University Avenue - #10
San Diego, CA 92103
619/293-3500
Austin, Texas
April 5, 1994
Mike Bright
The Arc of Texas
1600 E. 38th Street
Suite 200
Austin, TX 78763
512/454-6694
Laura Brown
Coalition of Texans
with Disabilities
316 West 12th Street
Suite 405
Austin, TX 78701
512/478-3366
Ron Cranston
4703 Philco Drive
Austin, TX 78745-1766
512/441-8029
Joyce Dawidczyk
United Cerebral Palsy of Texas
900 Congress - #220
Austin, TX 78701
512/472-8696
Janice Drake
6707 Poncha Pass
Austin, TX 78749
512/891-2522
D. J. Johnson
Texas Department of Human Services
11709 Rydalwater Lane
Austin, TX
512/272-9288
Norman Kieke
United Cerebral Palsy Association of the Capitol Area
9027 Northgate, #101
Austin, TX 78758-6453
512/834-1827
Constance L. King
600 Barwood Park - #426
Austin, TX 78753
512/867-5131
Margaret Little
4800 North Lamar
Austin, TX 78756
512/459-2580
Mary Jo Magruder
Texas Planning Council for Developmental Disabilities
4900 N. Lamar
Austin, TX 78751
512/483-4086
Barrett Markland
Advocacy, Inc.
7800 Shoal Creek - #171E
Austin, TX 78757
512/454-4816
Derward McDaniel
5816 Gloucester
Austin, TX 78723
Judith E. Moore
301 A. Algentice
Georgetown, TX 78628
512/930-3652
Carolyn A. Parker, Ph.D.
Texas AIDS Network
P.O. Box 2395
Austin, TX 78768
512/447-8887
Virginia Roberts
Governor's Committee on People with Disabilities
201 East 14th
Austin, TX 78722
512/463-5742
Ben A. Rosamond
Lone Star Paralyzed Veterans
3412 Gladiolus Lane
Dallas, TX 75233
214/339-7629
Paula Russell
Texas Network for Children with Special Health Care Needs
2601 Great Oaks Parkway
Austin, TX 78756
512/458-1596
Vincent Sadowski
Directors Association of Texas Centers for Independent Living
5555 N. Lamar, J-125
Austin, TX 78751
512/467-0744
Jacqueline Shannon
Texas Alliance for the Mentally Ill
1000 East 7th Street, Suite 208
Austin, TX 78702
512/474-2225
Judith Sokolow
Advocacy, Inc.
7800 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, TX 78757
512/454-4816
Michele Whaling
The Arc of Austin
2818 San Gabriel
Austin, TX 78757
512/476-7044
Becky Zeeck
Capital Area Easter Seal Society
919 West 28 1/2 Street
Austin, TX 78705
512/478-2581
Topeka, Kansas
April 6, 1994
Thomas A. Applebee
State Rehabilitation
2619 Bret
Salina, KS 67401
913/296-4424
Brian Atwell
Link, Inc.
1310 Walnut
Hays, KS 67601
913/625-6942
Michael Byington
Kansas Association for the Blind and Visually Impaired
909 SW College
Topeka, KS 66606
913/296-4454
Bob Clark
CLASS
P.O. Box 266
Columbus, KS 66725
316/429-1212
A. W. Dirks
AARP
11403 West Douglas
Wichita, KS 67209
316/722-3640
Mike Donnelly
3258 S. Topeka Boulevard
Topeka, KS 66611
913/267-7100
Vicki Doyle
Link, Inc.
1310 Walnut
Hays, KS 67601
913/625-6942
Brenda Eddy
1722 NW Belvoir Court
Topeka, KS 66606
913/296-8172
William Fansler
Kansas Association of the Deaf
1940 Bowman Court
Topeka, KS 66604
913/295-1161
Jean P. Hall
Independence, Inc.
1123 East 2300 Road
Eudora, KS 66025
913/841-0333
Diane Kuhn
P.O. Box 3881
Topeka, KS 66604-0881
913/272-2204
Dawn Merriman
2515 Rockhurst
Salina, KS 67401
913/827-9383
Mike Oxford
Kansas ADAPT
835 800E Road
Lonester, KS 66047
913/267-7100
Garrett Porter
1803 East 26th
Apartment D
Hays, KS 67601
913/628-1901
Joe Porting
Families Together, Inc.
1023 SW Gabe Boulevard
Topeka, KS 66604
913/273-6343
Jeff Simon
Link, Inc.
339 South 7th
Osborne, KS 67473
913/346-5865
Sheryl Tatroe
Kansas Alliance for the Mentally Ill
112 SW 6th, Suite 505
P.O. Box 675
Topeka, KS 66601
913/233-0755
Michael R. Todd
Independence, Inc.
2011 Miller Drive
Lawrence, KS 66046
913/843-2428
Josie Torrez
Families Together, Inc.
1023 SW Gage
Topeka, KS 66604
913/273-6343
David Wilson
3112 Thornton
Parsons, KS 67357
316/421-1305
Marty Wooten
1313 Adams
Fredonia, KS 66736
316/421-5502
Glen Yancey
Rehabilitation Services
Kansas Department of Social and Rehab Services
300 SW Oakley
1st Floor Biddle Building
Topeka, KS 66606
913/296-3911
New York, NY
April 9, 1994
Ruth Aleskovsky
276 Riverside Drive
New York, NY 10025
212/666-1207
Richard Anderson
951 55th Street
Brooklyn, NY
212/264-4715
Sam Anderson
(no address given)
Kristin-Ann Behrmann
National Easter Seal Society
460-13M Old Town Road
Port Jefferson Station
New York, NY 11776
516/476-3626
James Billy
Harlem Independent Living Center
5-15 125th Street
New York, NY 10027
212/369-2371
Linda W. Blair
Connecticut Union of Disability Action Groups, Inc.
P.O. Box 461
New Haven, CT 06502
203/777-1921
Gerald Butell
691 FDR Drive
New York, NY 10009
Susan M. Dooha
National Transplant Support Network
443 E. 88th Street - #17
New York, NY 10128
212/852-5025
Tom Duane
New York City Council Member
275 Seventh Avenue - 12th Floor
New York, NY 10001
212/929-5501
Robert Fasano
National Transplant Support Netowrk
443 E. 88th Street
New York, NY 10128
212/876-9380
Joseph Gordon
Self Help for Hard of Hearing
205 West End Avenue
New York, NY
212/724-4856
Sylvia Gould
Concerned Citizens for National Health Care Single Payer
350 W. 51st Streeet
Apartment 8A
New York, NY 10019
Lois Kaggen
Penthouse G
77 Seventh Avenue
New York, NY 10011-6645
212/691-4406
Corinne Kirchner, Ph.D.
American Foundation for the Blind
15 West 16th Street
New York, NY 10011
212/620-2140
Cheryl Krzewina
New York City Civic Association of the Deaf
150 East 85th Street - #7B
New York, NY 10028
212/472-6614
Anthony LaGattuta
Metropolitan Chapter of the National Rehabilitation Association
42-54 196th Street
Flushing, NY 11358-3030
212/264-4017
Enilda Lozada
New York State Head Injury Association
1537 White Plains Road
Apartment 1B
Bronx, NY 10462-4113
518/482-5285
Congressman Jerrold Nadler
U.S. House of Representatives
Washington, DC 20515
202/225-5635
Dina Niedelman
Disabled in Action
17 Vandalia Avenue - #9R
Brooklyn, NY 11239
718/927-4854
JoAnn Piazzi
Westchester Independent Living Center
297 Knollwood Road
White Plains, NY 10607
914/682-3926
Joseph Prezioso
332 E. 29th Street
New York, NY 10016
Harvey Rosenthal
New York Coalition for Community Mental Health Care Benefits in
Health Care Reform
23 Elk Street
Albany, NY 12207
518/436-0008
Marilyn Saviola
(no address given)
Richard Seltzer
311 East 23rd Street
New York, NY 10010
Chris Shawn
Vietnam Veterans Agent Orange Network
145 East 30th Street
New York, NY 10016
212/686-8782
Ann Souronis
21-06 23rd Avenue, #1A
Astoria, NY 11105
212/852-8000
Arthur Springer
Asthma and Emphysema Support Network
150 West 80th Street - #4A
New York, NY 10024-6313
212/580-9143
Pat Walls
Concepts
332 E. 29th Street
Apartment 4H
New York, NY 10016
Eva Walters
Mental Health Association in New York State
75 New Scotland Avenue
Albany, NY 12208
518/434-0489
Harry Wieder
67-11 Yellowstone Boulevard
Forrest Hills, NY 11375
718/544-8906
Frieda Zames
Disabled in Action
60 First Avenue - #2F
New York, NY 10009
212/260-0423
Philadelphia, PA
April 11, 1994
Bonnie Albrecht
790 Bradford Terrace
West Chester, PA 19382
215/431-7295
Berta Britz
Mental Health Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania
1618 Rose Glen Road
Havertown, PA 19083
215/735-2465, ext. 231
William Byrnes
Office of Vocational Rehabilitation
7324 Shisler Street
Philadelphia, PA 19111
215/560-1951
Eugene W. Cooper
State Office of Mental Retardation
1400 Spring Garden Street
Philadelphia, PA 19130
215/560-2245
Bill Friedman
Center for Literacy
1220 North Broad Street
Apartment 1021
Philadelphia, PA 19121
215/763-9761
John F. Gladstone
Disabled in Action
125 South 9th Street, Suite 700
Philadelphia, PA 19107
215/627-7255 o
Steve Gold
(no address)
Charles Hamilton
401 Longest Lane
Philadelphia, PA
Cassie James
Liberty Resources
4001 Consbolocken Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19131
215/627-7255
Hillisa Janoff
Liberty Resources, Inc.
One Winding Way - Suite 108
Philadelphia, PA 19131
215/581-0654
Donald Jones
(no address)
Dorothy Keane & Caroline Morgan
United Cerebral Palsy Association
102 East Mermaid Lane
Philadelphia, PA
Paul D. Kahn
National Multiple Sclerosis Society
31 North Maple Avenue
Apartment 413
Marcton, NJ 08013
1-800-445-2453
Michael Lohr
Consumer Connection
1727 West Hunting Park Avenue
Apartment 124
Philadelphia, PA 19140
Joanne M. Marinelli
Matrix Advocacy
6008 Wayne Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19144
215/438-8200
Kate Maus
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
34th & Civic Center Boulevard
Philadelphia, PA 19104
215/590-4365
Christie McMahon
2610 Belmont AVenue
Philadelphia, PA 19131
215/877-5224
Stephanie Panavich
(no address)
Marlene L. Perkins
Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association
5000 Wissahickon Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19144
215/951-5410
Ann Piccinotti
Liberty Resources, Inc.
14 Berkley Drive
Yardley, PA 19067
215/581-0681
Harry Richardson
Philadelphia Nursing Home
Girard Avenue & Corinthian Street, Room 465
Philadelphia, PA
215/978-2100
Diane Rose
Liberty Resources
1218 N. 64th Street
Philadelphia, PA 19151
215/581-0671
Kimberly Smith-Tann
Epilepsy Foundation of Southeastern Pennsylvania
3300 Henry Avenue
9th Floor Main Campus
Philadelphia, PA 19129
215/842-7165
Maureen Sweeny
Liberty Resources, Inc.
One Winding Way - Suite 108
Philadelphia, PA 19131
215/581-0654
Erik T. von Schmetterling, M.D.
ADAPT
158 North 23rd Street - #614
Philadelphia, PA 19103-1039
215/627-7555
ATTACHMENT
D: Mission of the National Council
on Disability
OVERVIEW AND PURPOSE
The National Council on Disability is an independent
federal agency led by 15 members appointed by the President of the
United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.
The overall purpose of the National Council is to promote policies,
programs, practices, and procedures that guarantee equal opportunity
for all individuals with disabilities, regardless of the nature
or severity of the disability; and to empower individuals with disabilities
to achieve economic self sufficiency, independent living, and inclusion
and integration into all aspects of society.
SPECIFIC DUTIES
The current statutory mandate of the National Council
includes the following:
- Reviewing and evaluating, on a continuing basis,
policies, programs, practices, and procedures concerning individuals
with disabilities conducted or assisted by Federal departments
and agencies, including programs established or assisted under
the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended, or under the Developmental
Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act; and all statutes
and regulations pertaining to Federal programs which assist such
individuals with disabilities in order to assess the effectiveness
of such policies, programs, practices, procedures, statutes, and
regulations in meeting the needs of individuals with disabilities;
- Reviewing and evaluating, on a continuing basis,
new and emerging disability policy issues affecting individuals
with disabilities at the Federal, State, and local levels, and
in the private sector, including the need for and coordination
of adult services, access to personal assistance services, school
reform efforts and the impact of such efforts on individuals with
disabilities, access for health care, and policies that operate
as disincentives for the individuals to seek and retain employment.
- Making recommendations to the President, the Congress,
the Secretary of Education, the Director of the National Institute
on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, and other officials
of Federal agencies, respecting ways to better promote equal opportunity,
economic self-sufficiency, independent living, and inclusion and
integration into all aspects of society for Americans with disabilities.
- Providing the Congress, on a continuing basis,
advice, recommendations, legislative proposals, and any additional
information which the Council or the Congress deems appropriate;
- Gathering information about the implementation,
effectiveness, and impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990 (42 U.S.C. 12101 et seq.);
- Advising the President, the Congress, the Commissioner
of the Rehabilitation Services Administration, the Assistant Secretary
for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services within the Department
of Education, and the Director of the National Institute on Disability
and Rehabilitation Research on the development of the programs
to be carried out under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended;
- Providing advice to the Commissioner with respect
to the policies of and conduct of the Rehabilitation Services
Administration;
- Making recommendations to the Director of the National
Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research on ways to
improve research, service, administration, and the collection,
dissemination, and implementation of research findings affecting
persons with disabilities;
- Providing advice regarding priorities for the activities
of the Interagency Disability Coordinating Council and reviewing
the recommendations of such Council for legislative and administrative
changes to ensure that such recommendations are consistent with
the purposes of the Council to promote the full integration, independence,
and productivity of individuals with disabilities;
- Preparing and submitting to the President and the
Congress a report entitled National Disability Policy: A Progress
Report on an annual basis; and
- Preparing and submitting to the Congress and the
President a report containing a summary of the activities and
accomplishments of the Council on an annual basis.
POPULATION SERVED AND CURRENT ACTIVITIES
While many government agencies deal with issues and
programs affecting people with disabilities, the National Council
is the only federal agency charged with addressing, analyzing, and
making recommendations on issues of public policy which affect people
with disabilities regardless of age, disability type, perceived
employment potential, economic need, specific functional ability,
status as a veteran, or other individual circumstance. The National
Council recognizes its unique opportunity to facilitate independent
living, community integration, and employment opportunities for
people with disabilities by assuring an informed and coordinated
approach to addressing the concerns of persons with disabilities
and eliminating barriers to their active participation in community
and family life.
The National Council plays a major role in developing
disability policy in America. In fact, it was the Council that originally
proposed what eventually became the Americans with Disabilities
Act of 1990. Our present list of key issues includes personal assistance
services, health care reform, the inclusion of students with disabilities
in high quality programs in typical neighborhood schools, equal
employment opportunity, community housing, monitoring the implementation
of the Americans with Disabilities Act, improving assistive technology,
and ensuring that persons with disabilities who are members of minority
groups fully participate in society.
STATUTORY HISTORY
The National Council was initially established in
1978 as an advisory board within the Department of Education (Public
Law 95-602). The Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1984 (Public Law
98-221) transformed the National Council into an independent agency.
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